In the United States and Canada, ultraprocessed foods often account for at least half of the average daily diet. While these industrial formulations are frequently linked to heart disease, diabetes, and early death, scientists are still debating whether the level of processing is the primary driver of these health risks.

What defines these foods?

Ultraprocessed foods are mass-produced industrial formulations that typically contain little to no intact whole foods. They often include ingredients not commonly found in a home kitchen, such as additives and preservatives. Using the NOVA classification system, experts categorize food based on the degree of processing, ranging from minimally processed to ultraprocessed products like soda, processed meats, and instant snacks.

Is processing the main problem?

There is a significant scientific debate regarding the exact cause of health issues. Some researchers argue that the ultraprocessing process itself—affecting food structure and how the body digests it—is the problem. However, others suggest the issue lies in the nutrient profile. Key concerns include:

  • High levels of added sugar and salt
  • High amounts of saturated fats
  • Low fiber content
  • High calorie density

A recent study involving 57 adults found that even when meals had nearly identical calories and nutrients, an ultraprocessed meal triggered a significantly higher insulin response than a freshly prepared one. This suggests that processing may influence metabolic and brain reactions independently of calorie count.

What does the latest research show?

Not all ultraprocessed items carry the same risks. While processed meats and sugary drinks show consistent links to heart disease, other items like low-sugar yogurt, canned beans, or whole-grain breads may not be harmful. In fact, a large-scale study of U.S. adults found no association between total ultraprocessed food intake and the incidence of colorectal cancer.

FAQ

Are all ultraprocessed foods unhealthy?

No; some items like certain yogurts or whole-grain products may be part of a healthy diet despite their classification.

Why is the definition of ultraprocessed controversial?

Critics argue that the definition can be inconsistent, as the same nutrients might be classified differently depending on whether they were prepared at home or in a factory.