A new study has found that ultra-processed food alters metabolism and brain activity in ways that go beyond simple nutrition. Researchers discovered that industrial processing changes how the body regulates blood sugar and how the brain perceives food rewards.

How does processing affect the body?

Researchers at Virginia Tech conducted a study where participants consumed two different 300-calorie meals. While the meals were nearly identical in terms of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, and sodium, one was highly processed and the other was minimally processed.

The study, published in Nature Metabolism, revealed several key metabolic differences:

  • Participants showed a higher insulin response after eating the processed meal.
  • The body burned fewer carbohydrates for energy following the processed meal.
  • Participants expended more total energy after consuming the processed option.

Does ultra-processed food change brain activity?

Beyond physical metabolism, the research investigated how the brain reacts to different food types. Using functional MRI scans, scientists observed how participants' brains responded to images of various foods.

Even when participants stated they would pay a similar price for either type of food, the processed options triggered distinct responses in brain regions associated with motivation and reward. This suggests that the way the brain values food may fluctuate based on the level of processing involved.

Alex DiFeliceantonio, an associate professor at Virginia Tech’s Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, noted that the results were surprising because the meals were nearly identical on a nutrition label. "If these meals had a nutrition label, they’d be nearly identical," she said.

FAQ

Were the two meals nutritionally identical?

Yes, the meals were matched within 1.6% for weight, calories, carbohydrates, fat, protein, fiber, salt, and water content.

What kind of foods were used in the study?

The minimally processed meal included a banana, cheese, egg, and dried cranberries, while the processed meal included items like veggie chips, instant mashed potatoes, and a cookie.